The Northern Lights start with the solar wind, a stream of charged particles from the sun. When these particles hit Earth's magnetosphere, they are drawn toward the poles.
Earth's magnetosphere is a magnetic shield. It channels solar wind particles toward the polar regions, where they interact with the atmosphere, creating the Northern Lights.
When solar wind particles collide with gases in the Earth's atmosphere, energy is released. These collisions cause the particles to light up, creating the stunning displays of the Northern Lights.
Different gases produce different colors in the Northern Lights. Oxygen causes green and red lights, while nitrogen creates blue and purple hues, adding to the spectacle.
The altitude of these interactions affects the colors seen. Higher altitudes produce red lights, while lower altitudes are where green is most commonly observed.
The intensity and form of the Northern Lights can vary. This depends on solar activity and Earth's magnetic field, creating different shapes and movements in the sky.
Best viewed in high-latitude regions like Norway, Canada, and Alaska, the Northern Lights are most visible during the winter months when the nights are longest and darkest.